System and Integrated Assessment Models †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the System and Integrated Assessment Models. Answer: Introduction: The paper talks about the difficult and complex problems which are posed by global warming. It explains that how government and business are taking appropriate response to climate changes. Further, it explains the government intervention to correct and minimize the environmental impact of the business activity. It explains that how the global warming is becoming the serious problem for the people and environment. It describes the various strategies to overcome on global warming in the environment. Global Warming is also known as Climate change. It refers to the rise in the surface temperature of the Earth due to the greenhouse effect which is created by greenhouse gases. Nowadays Global Warming is becoming a serious ecological as well as a social issue for the entire world that is disturbing and destroying our lives. It has become a major atmospheric and distinctive issue. Our earths surface is becoming hot and burns by trapping the heat coming from the sun which is increasing atmosp heric carbon dioxide. (Cook et al, 2013). As the population is increasing, demand is also increasing. Moreover, increasing demand of industrialization to fulfill each and every need is causing the release of different greenhouses gases through industrial processes which in turn giving rise to the earths temperature (Trenberth Fasullo, 2013). The release of different types of gases in the atmosphere has also been increased in the recent years. Natural and industrial processes release carbon dioxide gas. Methane is another greenhouse gas which gets releases by anaerobic decomposition of organic materials. Other greenhouse gases are halocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, chlorine, nitrous oxide etc. These greenhouse gases get combined and collected in the environment and then it disturbs the radiative balance of the atmosphere (Dai, 2013). Another main reason of Global Warming is a reduction of the ozone layer over Antarctica. Ozone layer gives protection to the earths surface by inhibiting the harmful rays of sun coming to the earth. But ozone layer is declining day by day and giving rise to the chlorofluorocarbon gas. And now it is the big sign of-of increasing global warming in the earths surface. It is the main human-generated cause of global warming (McGlade Ekins, 2015). Further, the main cause of global warming is the presence of many aerosols in the environment which is also increasing the earths surface temperature. These atmospheric aerosols cause cooling to the planet and absorb the solar and infrared radiation by making the air warm day by day. They can also change the chemical properties of the clouds and also changes their lifetime and extent. The increasing amount of aerosols in the atmosphere is a result of human activities. Dust is produced by organic droplets and agriculture and aerosols are produced by the industrial processes by the burning of a wide range of products in the manufacturing process and soot particles are generated by biomass burning. (Pauls, Nowak, Blint Pfenninger, 2013). Global Warming is also caused by burning fossil fuels by man and nature which increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Human is the most important cause of Global Warming as they all need vehicles. People demand vehicles is increasing day by day. None of the can live without a vehicle. And vehicles use gasoline through which causes emission of carbon dioxide gas (Bebber, Ramotowski Gurr, 2013). Moreover, manufacturers of automobiles have been warned to manufacture more effective and efficient engines of the vehicles so the emission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can be reduced to an extent. As demand for vehicles is increasing day by day, so it is creating a big challenge to the global warming (Morton, 2013). Another main cause of global warming is deforestation i.e cutting down of trees and increasing population. Deforestation which causes cutting of plants from the earths surface disturbs the natural carbon cycle. Plants take away carbon dioxide gas and utilizes it to make food through water, sunlight and carbon dioxide but as plants are cutting down so carbon dioxide is getting more and more and oxygen which humans and animals need for survival is decreasing day by day which in turn causing global warming and making lives difficult for humans and animals. (Desmet Rossi-Hansberg, 2015). Methane is a very harmful for the earth and it is released by animals. (Martens, 2014). Another cause of global warming is an increase in the demand of technologies i.e AC, refrigerator, electric machines, automobiles, washing machines, and microwave for making human life easy and full of luxury. All these resources directly or indirectly contribute to the global warming. (Egan Mullin, 2012). Some other possible ways are also there so that global warming can be reduced to an extent which includes improvements in the vehicle fuel economy and to energy efficiency so that less energy will get produced. Increase in hydrogen produced from renewable sources, increase in solar and wind power, increase in biofuels which are produced by crops are the ways to reduce global warming. We can also get ourselves indulge in a process called carbon sequestration by which we can capture the carbon dioxide emitted by fossil fuels and we can store it underground (Williams et al, 2013). Each and every technology has its drawbacks so its depend on our government that which technology our government want to use. But there are a variety of options which we can use for a stable climate (Munday, McCormick Nilsson, 2012). Our government needs to take some steps to reduce global warming. Some steps are Our government should ban the use of cigarettes and tobacco. We can certainly argue thattobacco plantations actually requireclearing of natural vegetation i.e deforestation, and manufacturing of cigarettes also require the use of resources and all these aspects add morecarbon to the atmosphere, in turn, contributing to global warming i.e climate change (Williams et al, 2013). Our government should ban vehicles which emit gases like low floor buses. As indirectly the gas emitted from low floor buses pollute the air causing the earths surface warm. Thirdly which our government can do is to take a step against one of the gravest development issues which most of the developing countries in the world are facing i.e population. Strict legal steps should be taken for child marriage, the abolition of child labor education, beggary, and family planning to get effective benefits from it. Laws should be enforced strictly related to beggary, child labor and slavery and which will make sure that parents dont send their children out to work or will not sell them and forcing them to raise a lesser number of children. The government should ban the use of incandescent light bulbs and use fluorescent light bulbs and ask the public to use fluorescent bulbs as they consume only 25 % energy as compared to incandescent bulbs (Arora-Jonsson, 2011). The most important step which our government should take is to ban deforestation and but as deforestation is needed for making houses and furniture so making it mandatory so plant two trees whenever one tree is removed. The business community is aware of the risk they have to face due to the mitigation of greenhouse gases. This leads to change in climate and policies. The impact of climate change has shown the potential state of the company and the changes of those impacts could be clearly seen on the consumers and marketers. The results of such change could be seen in the cost produced in past and future. The result of such planning became a risk factor for the firm since the issue of global warming intervened. (Arora-Jonsson, 2011). Climate change is a difficult aspect for the business to deal with various difficulties. The company has to deal with the change in temperature, patterns of precipitation and other social effects. The risks associated with business mainly are the potential risks and opportunities that are regulated by the greenhouse gases and are possessed by the changing attitude of human relationships towards business. The physical effects of changes seen on the climatic conditions in the business environment are due to lack of water availability and continuous change in temperature and weather. The effects measured during the business practice can impact on the managed as well as an unmanaged ecosystem, human and health and other relations. The first major step taken by the business to understand the occurrence of such changes is the first step considered in deciding whether to accept those changes or not. High temperatures of climate may result in difficulties in the work of workers as they do not get the amount of time required to safely engage and complete a task, like roofing. Similarly, laboratories working on biotechnological and chemical factors can also face risk due to high temperatures of climate. However, such changes can build new opportunities for delivering new products relating to agriculture, health, and other sectors. Business opportunities may also develop from the superior management of the risks that relate to the climate change (Van Vuuren et al, 2012). The important aspect of business while planning is considering the weather. These businesses choose those areas to operate where changes related to climate could be extremely noticed like flood, drought, or storms. The business that deals with these physical effects are concerned about the climatic risks related to property, health, crops and other insurance-related matters. People need to take steps for reducing global warming. Industrialization is needed for getting bread and butter but it is the main cause of global warming. So we all should take small steps for better future. We human beings can convert our heating system to solar energy so that we will be able to save electricity, and our environment from global warming. (Van Vuuren et al, 2012). The interference of government in the business can have multiple aspects relating to for and against. The risk that company faces due to change in climate includes risks related to human health, ecosystem, and the changes in the social and cultural system and economic development. The risk factors are the factors that are generally maintained and managed by the government. The policies of controlling the risk factor that occurs because of climate change are maintained by the government. This reduces the risk factor in the business since the intervention of government takes place. The responsibility of government, therefore, becomes very beneficial. The charge of such policies is given to the government. They play an important role in adapting the problems of the company related to such risks. The government intervention in business sometimes leads to false choices. The insurance markets are benefited by the government through the framework of how to operate a business in order to gain profits. The consequences of economic factor can be seen through the influence of insurance market. The government is put under pressure when the existence of the company is threatened by such disasters. The social pressure that government faces majorly provides help to the large citizens of the society by working according to their demands. The company gets a huge advantage by asking for the support of government during the time of disasters. The insurance company goes through the disaster of paying a premium for private insurance or to invest in the self-owned insurance sector. The government does have the chance of avoiding the amount of pressure that they face during a disaster. They can relieve themselves from those disasters. The insurance premium paid by the government is differentiated as the risk pertaining to local disasters. The issue of global warming faced by the company is considered to be a global negativity. It is indifferent in the nature of government to accept to the scheme of such negativity caused by global warming. The government has to deal with the local externality only rather than working on a task globally. Dealing with the problem of global warming now becomes a global issue that is faced by most of the companies. The effective policies that make gains in the business have to deal with this problem. The various programs conducted by the government in order to prevent the issues are mainly the stress doing no good to the company but the benefits of such are seen on the citizens. The resources provided to the community of public health are the direct resources. On the above discussion, it has been analyzed that humans are responsible to "heal" the earth. Global warming is leading to the path of destruction of human beings life and humans are actually making life-destructive. Many people ha ve died because of disease or disaster. Moreover, it also affects the economics of the country. People need to join hands and reduce global warming. There are various appropriate response should be taken to climate changes by the government and business. Further, the government is trying to minimize the environmental impact of business activity. References Arora-Jonsson, S., 2011. Virtue and vulnerability: Discourses on women, gender and climate change.Global Environmental Change,21(2), pp.744-751. Bebber, D.P., Ramotowski, M.A. and Gurr, S.J., 2013. Crop pests and pathogens move polewards in a warming world.Nature climate change,3(11), pp.985-988. Cook, J., Nuccitelli, D., Green, S.A., Richardson, M., Winkler, B., Painting, R., Way, R., Jacobs, P. and Skuce, A., 2013. 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